【系列专题】页岩油的创新时代：生产回忆录（4）

CT SYSTEM OFFERS ENHANCED LUBRICITY FOR LONGER LATERALS

Newpark’s ResurreCT system is specifically designed to provide critical lubricity for coiled tubing (CT) operations, especially those with long horizontal laterals such as shale stringers. Achieving lateral length requires lubricity to reduce the friction of metal-to-metal contact. Longer lateral lengths also require controlling the torque and drag forces, which determine the number of trips and tool runs and, ultimately, the well cost. The lubricant for the ResurreCT system is designed to address this critical issue in CT operations. DireCT, the effective pipe-on-pipe friction reducer in the ResurreCT system, was evaluated for wear and steady-state coefficient of friction using a Falex Block-on-Ring Test. The lower coefficient of friction properties provided by the proprietary lubricant enhances the CT operations, allowing increased weight on bit and a reduction in the number of trips required for a successful CT operation. Operational and engineering gains provide significant value to the customer. The ResurreCT system is effective in a wide variety of densities and is thermally stable at temperatures greater than 204℃(400℉).

TOOLS ENABLE ENHANCED SHALE INTERVENTION, STIMULATION APPLICATIONS

National Oilwell Varco (NOV) has released several products that are designed to enable greater performance in shale intervention and stimulation applications. The CTES Condition-Based Monitoring (CBM) System and the Texas Oil Tools Stack Monitor are real-time monitoring systems for intervention and stimulation equipment. The CBM System monitors the health of pumps, bearings, filters and engines as well as hydraulic power and lubrication systems. The Stack Monitor provides real-time data on the entire BOP stack, allowing monitoring of the rams’ positions, latch-and-lock systems and stripper pressures. Early identification of potential failures improves uptime and reduces maintenance costs while ensuring safety and efficiency at the well site. Quality Tubing QT-1400 is the next generation of ultrahigh-strength coiled tubing (CT). With minimum yield strength of 140 kilopounds per square inch, QT-1400 is the strongest CT on the market, according to NOV. With greater resistance to low-cycle fatigue cracking at high pressure, QT-1400 is ideal for shale applications. CT that can withstand harsh downhole environments is critical in increasingly challenging horizontal wells with longer lateral sections, refracturing applications and deepwater operations.

INCREASE RESERVOIR CONTACT WHILE MINIMIZING CAPEX

As shale development matures and operators seek new ways to improve recovery from limited acreage and declining budgets, multilateral well technology adds an economic lifeline for adding new infill wells while maintaining existing assets. The Schlumberger RapidTieBack TAML 3 or 4 conventional multilateral junction enables selective, repeatable entry and isolation for efficient multistage stimulation in wells with multiple laterals. Its high hanging capacity enables operators to maximize reservoir contact in long horizontal or vertical intervals with minimal location footprint and with greatly reduced capex investment as compared to drilling new wells from the surface. In operation a sealbore connection isolates the selected lateral, enabling efficient plug-and-perf (PNP) multistage operations. Simple and cost-effective, the RapidTieBack multilateral junction is compatible with many completion options, including cemented or uncemented laterals, dissolvable and conventional PNP systems, and hydraulic multistage fracturing. It has no welded components and is fully stackable, with large inner diameter access to both the main and lateral bores.

SYSTEM HELPS DETERMINE FRICTION PRESSURE CHANGES

The Model 6500 Friction Flow Loop is a fully automated system that measures the friction pressure created by different wellbore fluids. The system is designed to study the effect different friction reducers have on fracturing, acidizing, completion and drilling fluids over a range of pressures, flow-rate conditions and pipe diameters. The Model 6500 circulates fluid through two test sections of various diameters to generate differential pressure vs. flow-rate data. These data are then used to determine the effectiveness and longevity of various friction-reducing agents added to the test fluids. The Model 6500 incorporates a low-shear progressive cavity pump for injection of base fluids, with the flow rate controlled by a Coriolis flowmeter. High-accuracy differential pressure transducers are provided for each tubing diameter for multiple data readings per test. Fluid can be injected into the flowstream via an optional metering pump or added directly into a 15-gal reservoir mixing tank.

SYSTEM IMPROVES ABILITY TO DETECT LOCATION OF PROPPANTS IN RESERVOIR

About 100 billion pounds mass of proppant is used annually in global unconventional reservoirs, with the location of the proppant critical to understanding reservoir drainage, well spacing and stage spacing. However, proppant detection has traditionally been limited to near-wellbore measurements. CARBO has developed a method to detect proppant in the far field, known as QUANTUM quantified propped reservoir volume imaging. The QUANTUM method, now in the field trial phase, uses electromagnetic principles. A transmitter source and an array of electric and magnetic field sensors are located at the surface, and a current signal with a unique wave form and frequency is transmitted to the bottom of the wellbore via a standard electric line unit. An electrically conductive proppant is pumped into the stages of interest. The electric and magnetic fields are measured before and after the detectable proppant stages, and a novel analysis method is then employed to process and invert these differenced data to create an image of the propped reservoir volume. QUANTUM is designed to identify the exact location of proppant in fractures. The program also assists in understanding well drainage and spacing, stage and perforation cluster spacing, vertical fracture coverage, and the impact of fracture design changes.

DATA SYSTEM ENHANCES DOCUMENT MANAGEMENT FOR OPERATORS

Environmental compliance and documentation can present numerous management challenges for oil and gas operators faced with multiple permits required at the work site and inefficient, paper-based data storage. Most operators use some combination of handwritten scanned paper reports and emailed spreadsheets from the field. These documents are typically delivered to the responsible person and stored in an email directory or a physical paper file. Every operator has valuable information it is not using, and audit support often is chaotic. TruHorizon’s new environmental compliance data management application, TruData, is a central digital repository for environmental and regulatory data. Incorporating inspection, monitoring and tracking, TruHorizon’s application has robust daily, weekly and monthly summary reporting supported by daily detailed inspection reports. The environmental compliance data management application easily and effectively verifies the compliance status of any location or geographic area. TruData can provide custom data collection and reporting to meet the unique compliance and business needs of the operator. Improved confidence in compliance, streamlined operations and reduced cost of repairs and maintenance results from using the data already being collected.